Parmigiano-Reggiano: How Italy’s ‘cheese bank’ is powering a €4 billion industry

What is the most valuable asset for a country—gold, silver, currency? In Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, the answer looks far from conventional. Here, vast climate-controlled warehouses store one of the region’s most unusual treasures: hundreds of thousands of wheels of Parmesan cheese, which slowly age and quietly become more valuable over time.To visitors, these buildings are like silent cathedrals of cheese. For the Italian dairy industry, they are a financial lifeline.Parmigiano Reggiano is a strictly controlled cheese. It can only be made in specific regions of Italy using three ingredients: milk, salt and rennet. Each wheel must be aged for at least 12 months before it can be sold. According to CNN, many were kept for 24, 36 or even 40 months.However, the long waiting period has created cash problems for producers. Farmers must be paid monthly, and the costs of feed, labor and energy continue every day. But cheese didn’t bring money until much later.To solve this problem, Credem Bank accepts wheels of cheese as collateral for loans.Giancarlo Ravanetti, who manages the bank’s cheese warehouse operations, told CNN that “in Italy, approximately 4 million Parmigiano Reggiano wheels are produced and we reserve 500,000… and allow customers to use these wheels as collateral to obtain financing.” He added that the system “processes about 2,300,000 wheels per year” and is worth “about 325 million euros (382,000).” billion) Parmigiano Reggiano”.

Cheese vault

When the wheels arrive at the warehouse, they are scanned and recorded in a digital system, recording details such as production date and country of origin. They are then placed on wooden shelves in a large storage room.In the warehouse, conditions are strictly controlled. Temperature, humidity and airflow are all regulated. Staff inspect the wheels daily for cracks or damage.Twelve months later, the Parmigiano Reggiano consortium conducted tap tests, hitting each wheel with a hammer to check its quality. Only passing wheels will bear the official fire seal.Once approved, the wheels can be used as loan security. The warehouse is the guarantee that the cheese is present and in good condition. Ravanetti said the bank has been running the system for more than 100 years without losing money.The Parmigiano Reggiano Alliance oversees the entire system. It includes about 300 producers and more than 2,000 dairy farmers. Spokesman Fabrizio Raimondi said it represented an industry with “approximately 50,000 people” and “a turnover of more than $4 billion”. The team checks quality, protects brands and stops counterfeit products. “These sealers assure consumers that it is authentic and of good quality,” he said.Most producers work through cooperatives. Paolo Ganzerli of Italian cheesemaker Granterre points out that while the system is important, it also faces financial challenges. Granterre is owned by a producer cooperative, so it must pay farmers quickly even if cheese revenue comes much later.“Without this lever system, the world of Parmigiano Reggiano would not be possible,” he said.Making cheese is also expensive. Cows must be fed locally grown food, and milk quality varies from region to region. Costs have risen dramatically in recent years.“The cost of producing dairy feed, the cost of everything has increased a lot… energy, transportation, logistics – everything is more expensive now,” Ganzelli said.

Growing demand for Italian cheese

In 2025, Parmigiano Reggiano’s export volume will exceed domestic sales for the first time, reaching 50.5% of total global sales.International demand increased by 2.7%. Sweden grew by 8.8%, the UK by 7.8% and Spain by 2.5%. The United States, the largest export market, grew 2.3% but remained unstable due to the impact of new tariffs. “There is regulatory uncertainty and many operators are waiting before placing new orders,” Raimondi said.In Italy, sales will fall by 10% in 2025 as rising prices cause people to buy less. Still, most households continued to buy. Prices increased strongly, reaching €13.22/kg for 12-month wheels and €15.59/kg for 24-month wheels. Wheel production also increased to 4.19 million units.Ganzerli said the cheese is considered healthy because it is lactose-free, high in protein and has no additives. But he warned that if prices rise too much, people may switch to cheaper cheeses, such as Grana Padano.Producers typically receive 60-80% of the wheel’s value up front by using the wheel as collateral. The new blockchain system now also allows cheese stored on the farm to be used for loans. The alliance also works to promote tourism, with the goal of increasing visitor numbers from 85,000 to 300,000 by 2029.Parmigiano Reggiano is now a €4 billion industry supported by approximately 300 dairies. It depends on a combination of tradition, strict rules and the financial system.In the silent warehouse, the wheels continue to age slowly, turning time and patience into value.